Nsonaazụ nke nyocha ahụ na-egosi na ịdabere n'ịkwalite arụmọrụ ike yana CCUS na NETs naanị agaghị abụ ụzọ dị ọnụ ahịa maka mkpochapụ miri emi nke ngalaba HTA nke China, ọkachasị ụlọ ọrụ dị arọ.Kpọmkwem, ntinye zuru ebe niile nke hydrogen dị ọcha na ngalaba HTA nwere ike inyere China aka iru ọnụ ahịa nnọpụiche carbon nke ọma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnọdụ na-enweghị mmepụta na ojiji hydrogen dị ọcha.Nsonaazụ a na-enye nduzi siri ike maka ụzọ decarbonization HTA nke China yana ntụaka bara uru maka mba ndị ọzọ na-eche ihe ịma aka ndị yiri ya ihu.
Na-eme ka akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ HTA na-emepụta ihe na hydrogen dị ọcha
Anyị na-eme ihe jikọtara ọnụ kacha nta-eri njikarịcha nke mbelata ụzọ ka carbon nnọpụiche maka China na 2060. Anọ nlereanya ndapụta na-akọwara na Table 1: azụmahịa dị ka ọ na-adị (BAU), China Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement (NDC), net- ihe efu na-enweghị ngwa-hydrogen (ZERO-NH) na net-efu emission nwere hydrogen dị ọcha (ZERO-H).Akụkụ HTA n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a gụnyere mmepụta simenti, ígwè na ígwè na kemịkalụ ndị bụ isi (gụnyere amonia, soda na caustic soda) na njem dị arọ, gụnyere ụgbọ ala na mbupu ụlọ.Enyere nkọwa zuru ezu na ngalaba Usoro yana ndetu mgbakwunye 1–5.Banyere mpaghara ígwè na ígwè, akụkụ kachasị nke mmepụta dị na China (89.6%) bụ site na usoro ikuku oxygen na-agbawa ọkụ, bụ isi ihe ịma aka maka nkwụsịtụ miri emi nke a.
ụlọ ọrụ.Usoro ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ eletrik nwere naanị 10.4% nke mkpokọta mmepụta na China na 2019, nke bụ 17.5% na-erughị nkezi ụwa yana 59.3% na-erughị nke ahụ maka United States18.Anyị nyochara 60 isi teknụzụ mbelata nchara nchara n'ụdị wee kewaa ha n'ime ụdị isii (Fig 2a): mmelite nke nrụpụta ihe, arụmọrụ teknụzụ dị elu, electrification, CCUS, hydrogen green na blue hydrogen (Nkwupụta 1).N'ịtụle njikarịcha ọnụ ahịa sistemụ nke ZERO-H na ọnọdụ NDC na ZERO-NH na-egosi na ntinye nke nhọrọ hydrogen dị ọcha ga-eme ka mbelata carbon dị ịrịba ama n'ihi iwebata hydrogen-direct mbelata nke ígwè (hydrogen-DRI).Rịba ama na hydrogen nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ọ bụghị naanị dị ka isi iyi ike na nchara kamakwa dị ka onye na-ebelata ikuku carbon na mgbakwunye na usoro Blast Furnance-Basic Oxygen Furnance (BF-BOF) yana 100% n'ụzọ hydrogen-DRI.N'okpuru ZERO-H, òkè nke BF-BOF ga-ebelata ruo 34% na 2060, na 45% ọkụ ọkụ eletrik na 21% hydrogen-DRI, na hydrogen dị ọcha ga-enye 29% nke ngụkọta ike ikpeazụ na mpaghara.Na ọnụ ahịa grid maka ike anyanwụ na ikuku na-atụ anyagbadaa na US $ 38-40MWh-1 na 205019, ọnụ ahịa hydrogen green.
ga-adakwa, na ụzọ 100% hydrogen-DRI nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa karịa ka a ghọtara na mbụ.Banyere mmepụta ciment, ihe nlereanya ahụ gụnyere teknụzụ mbelata isi 47 n'ofe usoro mmepụta nke kewara n'ime ụdị isii (Nkwupụta 2 na 3): nrụpụta ike, mmanụ ọzọ, ibelata clinker-to-ciment ratio, CCUS, hydrogen green na blue hydrogen. Foto nke 2b).Nsonaazụ na-egosi na teknụzụ nrụpụta ike dị mma nwere ike ibelata naanị 8-10% nke mkpokọta CO2 na-emepụta na mpaghara ciment, yana ikpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na teknụzụ mmanụ ọkụ ga-enwe oke mbelata (4-8%).Teknụzụ iji belata clinker-to-ciment ratio nwere ike iwepụta mbelata carbon dị elu (50-70%), ọkachasị gụnyere akụrụngwa decarbonized maka mmepụta clinker site na iji slag gbawara agbawa, ọ bụ ezie na ndị nkatọ na-ajụ ma simenti ga-esi na ya pụta ga-ejigide àgwà ya dị mkpa.Mana nsonaazụ dị ugbu a na-egosi na iji hydrogen yana CCUS nwere ike inyere mpaghara ciment aka iru ihe ikuku CO2 dị nso na 2060.
Na ọnọdụ ZERO-H, teknụzụ 20 nke hydrogen (nke sitere na teknụzụ mbelata 47) na-abata na mmepụta ciment.Anyị na-achọpụta na nkezi carbon abatement ego nke hydrogen teknụzụ dị ala karịa ahụkarị CCUS na mmanụ ụgbọala ịgbanwee nso (Fig. 2b).Ọzọkwa, a na-atụ anya na hydrogen na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ ga-adị ọnụ ala karịa hydrogen na-acha anụnụ anụnụ mgbe 2030 dị ka a tụlere n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'okpuru ebe a, na gburugburu US $ 0.7-US $ 1.6 kg-1 H2 (ref. 20), na-eweta mbelata CO2 dị ịrịba ama na inye okpomọkụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ciment. .Nsonaazụ dị ugbu a na-egosi na ọ nwere ike belata 89-95% nke CO2 site na usoro ikpo ọkụ na ụlọ ọrụ China (Fig 2b, teknụzụ.
28–47), nke dabara na atụmatụ Kansụl Hydrogen nke 84–92% (ntụaka. 21).CCUS ga-akwụsịrịrị usoro Clinker ikuku CO2 na ma ZERO-H na ZERO-NH.Anyị na-egosipụtakwa iji hydrogen dị ka nri nri na mmepụta nke amonia, methane, methanol na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ edepụtara na nkọwa nlereanya.Na ọnọdụ ZERO-H, mmepụta amonia nke gas na-emepụta gas na okpomọkụ hydrogen ga-enweta 20% nke ngụkọta mmepụta na 2060 (Fig 3 na Nchịkọta 4).Ihe nlereanya ahụ gụnyere ụdị teknụzụ mmepụta methanol anọ: coal ka methanol (CTM), coke gas ka methanol (CGTM), gas na methanol (NTM) na CGTM/NTM nwere okpomọkụ hydrogen.Na ọnọdụ ZERO-H, CGTM / NTM na hydrogen okpomọkụ nwere ike nweta 21% mmepụta òkè na 2060 (Fig 3).Chemicals bụkwa ndị nwere ike ibu hydrogen.Na ndabere nke nyocha anyị agbakwunyere, hydrogen nwere ike ịgụnye 17% nke oriri ike ikpeazụ maka inye okpomọkụ na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ site na 2060. Tinyere bioenergy (18%) na ọkụ eletrik (32%), hydrogen nwere nnukwu ọrụ na-arụ na ya. 
decarbonization nke China HTA chemical ụlọ ọrụ (Fig. 4a).
Ihe osise 2 |Ike mbelata carbon yana mbelata ọnụ ahịa teknụzụ mbelata isi.a, Isi isii nke teknụzụ mbelata ihe nchara nchara 60.b, Isi isii nke teknụzụ mbelata simenti 47.Edepụtara teknụzụ ndị a n'ọnụọgụ, yana nkọwa dabara adaba gụnyere na Tebụl mgbakwunye 1 maka a na Tebụl mgbakwunye 2 maka b.Akara ọkwa teknụzụ dị njikere (TRL) nke teknụzụ ọ bụla: TRL3, echiche;TRL4, obere prototype;TRL5, nnukwu prototype;TRL6, prototype zuru oke na ọnụ ọgụgụ;TRL7, ngosi tupu azụmahịa;TRL8, ihe ngosi;TRL10, nkuchi mbụ;TRL11, tozuru oke.
N'iji hydrogen dị ọcha na-eme ka usoro njem HTA na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha Na-adabere na nsonaazụ ihe ngosi, hydrogen nwekwara ikike dị ukwuu iji mebie ngalaba njem nke China, n'agbanyeghị na ọ ga-ewe oge.Na mgbakwunye na LDV, ụdị njem ndị ọzọ nyochara n'ụdị a gụnyere ụgbọ ala ụgbọ ala, gwongworo (ìhè / obere / ọkara / arọ), mbupu ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ oloko, na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ njem na China.Maka LDV, ụgbọ ala eletrik na-ele anya ka ọ ga-adị ọnụ ahịa asọmpi n'ọdịnihu.Na ZERO-H, ntinye mmanụ ụgbọala hydrogen (HFC) nke ahịa LDV ga-eru naanị 5% na 2060 (Fig 3).Maka ụgbọ ala ụgbọ ala, Otú ọ dị, ụgbọ ala HFC ga-adị ọnụ ahịa karịa ihe ndị ọzọ eletrik na 2045 na-agụnye 61% nke mkpokọta ụgbọ mmiri na 2060 na ọnọdụ ZERO-H, yana ọkụ eletrik fọdụrụ (Fig 3).Banyere gwongworo, nsonaazụ ya na-adịgasị iche site n'ọnụọgụ ibu.Mgbasa ọkụ eletrik ga-ebu ihe karịrị ọkara nke mkpokọta ụgbọ ala na-arụ ọrụ ọkụ site na 2035 na ZERO-NH.Mana na ZERO-H, gwongworo ọkụ HFC ga-asọmpi karịa gwongworo ọkụ eletrik site na 2035 ma nwee 53% nke ahịa site na 2060. Banyere gwongworo ndị dị arọ, HFC ga-eru 66% nke ndị ahịa. ahịa na 2060 na ọnọdụ ZERO-H.Diesel / bio-diesel / CNG ( gas na-agbanye ọkụ) HDV (ụgbọ ala ndị dị arọ) ga-akwụsị ahịa mgbe 2050 gasịrị na ZERO-NH na ZERO-H scenarios (Fig 3).Ụgbọ ala HFC nwere uru ọzọ karịa ụgbọ ala eletrik na arụmọrụ ha ka mma na ọnọdụ oyi, dị mkpa na ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ China.E wezụga njem okporo ụzọ, ihe nlereanya na-egosi nnabata zuru oke nke teknụzụ hydrogen na mbupu na ọnọdụ ZERO-H.Mbupu n'ime ụlọ nke China bụ ike dị oke egwu yana ihe ịma aka mgbakasị ahụ siri ike.hydrogen dị ọcha, ọkachasị dịka a
feedstock maka amonia, na-enye nhọrọ maka mbupu decarbonization.Ihe ngwọta kachasị ọnụ na ọnọdụ ZERO-H na-eme ka 65% ntinye nke amonia na-ekpo ọkụ na 12% nke ụgbọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na hydrogen na 2060 (Fig 3).Na nke a dịruru ná njọ, hydrogen ga-aza maka nkezi nke 56% nke ikpeazụ ike oriri nke dum njem njem na 2060. Anyị na-eṅomi hydrogen ojiji na residential kpo oku (Mgbakwunye Note 6), ma nkuchi ya bụ negligible na akwụkwọ a na-elekwasị anya. ojiji hydrogen na ụlọ ọrụ HTA na ibu ọrụ dị arọ.Ọnụ ego nchekwa nke carbon nnọpụiche site na iji hydrogen dị ọcha China si carbon-anọpụ iche ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ga-ji mmeghari ohuru ike ike dominance, na a phasing nke coal na ya bụ isi ike oriri (Fig. 4).Mmanụ ndị na-abụghị ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agụnye 88% nke isi ike mix na 2050 na 93% na 2060 n'okpuru ZERO-H.Wind na anyanwụ ga-enye ọkara nke isi ike oriri na 2060. Ná nkezi, mba, akụkụ hydrogen dị ọcha nke ngụkọta ike ikpeazụ. oriri (TFEC) nwere ike iru 13% na 2060. N'ịtụle mpaghara heterogeneity nke mmepụta ike na isi ụlọ ọrụ site na mpaghara (Mgbakwunye Tebụl 7), e nwere ógbè iri na hydrogen mbak nke TFEC elu karịa mba nkezi, gụnyere Inner Mongolia, Fujian, Shandong na Guangdong, nke nnukwu anyanwụ na oke osimiri na akụrụngwa ikuku na/ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-achọ hydrogen.N'ọnọdụ ZERO-NH, ọnụ ahịa ntinye ego iji nweta nnọpụiche carbon ruo 2060 ga-abụ $ 20.63 trillion, ma ọ bụ 1.58% nke mkpokọta ngwaahịa ụlọ (GDP) maka 2020-2060.Nkezi ntinye ego agbakwunyere kwa afọ ga-abụ ijeri US $ 516 kwa afọ.Nsonaazụ a kwekọrọ na atụmatụ mbelata US $ 15 nke China ruo 2050, nkezi ntinye ego ọhụrụ kwa afọ nke ijeri US $ 500 (ntụgharị. 22).Agbanyeghị, iwebata nhọrọ hydrogen dị ọcha n'ime sistemu ike nke China na nri ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọnọdụ ZERO-H na-ebute mbelata ntinye ego nke US $ 18.91 trillion site na 2060 na kwa afọ.A ga-ebelata itinye ego na ihe na-erughị 1% nke GDP na 2060 (Fig.4).Banyere ngalaba HTA, ego itinye ego kwa afọ na ndị ahụngalaba ga-adị ihe dị ka ijeri US $ 392 kwa afọ na ZERO-NHndapụta, nke dabara na ntule nke ikeTransition Commission (US $ 400 ijeri) (ntụgharị. 23).Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị ọcha
A na-etinye hydrogen n'ime usoro ike na nri nri kemịkalụ, ọnọdụ ZERO-H na-egosi na ọnụ ahịa ntinye ego kwa afọ na mpaghara HTA nwere ike belata na ijeri US $ 359, nke kachasị site n'ibelata ịdabere na CCUS ma ọ bụ NET dị oké ọnụ ahịa.Nsonaazụ anyị na-egosi na iji hydrogen dị ọcha nwere ike ịchekwa US $ 1.72 trillion na ego ntinye ego wee zere mfu 0.13% na mkpokọta GDP (2020-2060) ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụzọ na-enweghị hydrogen ruo 2060.
Ihe osise 3 |Ntinye teknụzụ na ngalaba HTA ahụkarị.Nsonaazụ n'okpuru BAU, NDC, ZERO-NH na ZERO-H scenarios (2020-2060).N'ime afọ ọ bụla dị ịrịba ama, a na-egosipụta ntinye teknụzụ akọwapụtara na mpaghara dị iche iche site na ogwe ndị nwere agba, ebe mmanya ọ bụla bụ pasent nke ntinye ruo 100% (maka lattice zuru oke).A na-ekewa teknụzụ ndị ahụ site na ụdị dị iche iche (gosiri na akụkọ ifo).CNG, gas sitere n'okike;LPG, mmiri mmiri gas;LNG, mmiri mmiri gas;w/wo, nwere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị;EAF, ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ eletrik;NSP, ọhụrụ nkwusioru preheater akọrọ usoro;WHR, mgbake okpomọkụ n'iyi.
Oge nzipu: Mar-13-2023
